Kent has always been to the forefront in the Christian religion; it was after all to Kent that St. Augustine came, landing near Ebbsfleet and making his way to the King’s Court at Canterbury. Towards the end of 597 A.D. Augustine was consecrated Bishop and on Christmas Day of that year he baptized no fewer than 10.000 people.

Some commentators assess this as almost a quarter of the entire population of Kent at that time and it is therefore quite conceivable that people from the Gillingham area that attended that sermon. Although communications at that time were extremely rudimentary, the bush telegraph worked and this event was certainly the most exciting event of the year and curiosity would of taken a vast number of people to hear 
St. Augustine. I (Ken Wheeler) remember hearing that within two days of President Nehru having died in India, a country today with poor communications, every man, women and child in that vast country, had heard the news. So it was that Augustine’s Christianity exploded on Kent and touched the area that was to become Gillingham.

Of course it must be remembered that Christianity had arrived in Britain in the First Century but had been suppressed by the Romans who actively encouraged pagan worship and there is no doubt that there were a few Christian's in the country until St. Augustine made his famous missionary journey. King Ethelbert was converted immediately and most of his successors subscribed to the Christian faith, despite Danish invasions right up to the time of the Norman Conquest. When William the Conqueror arrived, he wasted no time in assessing his new land holding, and under his self-imposed rules he acquired all land and distributed it to his Knights, who in time became Lord's of the manor.

Gillingham was given to his half-brother, Bishop Odo of Bayeux, the Parish Church at Gillingham was then re-built and an Archbishop’s Palace was constructed on land bordered by Grange Road, the ruins of which could still be seen last century. Gillingham itself, at the time was small hamlet, centred around the Parish Church and surrounded by large farm-holdings, of which St. Mark’s Parish formed part, being part of Brittain Farm.

After the death of Thomas-a-Becket in 1170, Kent became a major tourist attraction to pilgrims from all over the world and Gillingham was a favourite stopping point for travellers. It seems as though they either stopped over at Boxley Abbey, famous for it’s miraculous Rood (which later turned out to be a fake in a major scandal of the time) or else they would come via Gillingham to see the miraculous "Madonna" at the Parish Church, which unfortunately disappeared in the Sixteenth century.

After the disappearance of the "Madonna", Gillingham’s importance began to fade until 1547 when by order of King Henry VIII the Royal Dockyard at Gillingham was founded and grew steadily. Although a few years later the name was changed to Chatham Dockyard, the vast bulk of the development was in Gillingham and indeed at the time of closure, 7/9ths of the Yard were in Gillingham. From a sheltered harbour a Maintenance Depot was built and ship building began.

During the Napoleonic Wars, massive expansion took place and the Barracks were built, "lines" of fortification were constructed and the "lines" bears testimony to this today. Officers houses were built within the confines of the Barracks and at Brompton (Mansion Row, Prospect Row and Garden Street, now forming a conservation area). Labourers were housed in Chatham and Brompton, but even in the early part of the Nineteenth century, land was at a premium and houses had to be close to the place of work as little transport was a available. It was for this reason therefore, that developers cast their eyes towards Gillingham.

They could not build on the Government owned land, the Great Lines, and therefore the first development took place immediately adjacent to it i.e. Medway Road, Mill Road and Marlborough Road and soon ‘spec’ builders moved in and roads like Pagett Street, Saxton Street, Brittain Street, Arden Street and Fox Street etc., were built. It is a matter of historical record that these often bore the name of their developers and the individual building plots sold for 7/6d each. (At the time the law required dog owners to have a dog licence priced 7/6d). The High Street was built and the shopping area moved from Pier Road which was until that time the High Street and the whole of the newly developed area became known as New Brompton, Gillingham being a mile away at The Green.

New Brompton was built for the Dockyard and as the Dockyard enlarged, so the need for labourers grew and more houses were built. The population of the area grew to over 9,000 in the 1850’s and there was no church representation in New Brompton whatsoever. It is this new that filtered back across the Medway Towns to a young Curate at St. Nicholas, Strood, Alfred Willis. Although a very high Churchman, converted during the great Anglo/Catholic Revival following the Oxford Movement in the 2^nd quarter of the last century, Alfred Willis was possessed of a fantastic missionary zeal with an urgent desire to bring the good news of Christ and His Church to all those around him. His first love was obviously the overseas mission field as is well illustrated by a much applauded talk given in early 1860 to the Rochester Church of England Society. There is no doubt that Alfred Willis was the most evangelistic of all the St. Mark’s Vicar’s and this for the first Vicar is no bad thing. In fact one can see God's hand in choosing him for this virgin territory. On the other hand, Willis was far from evangelical. In fact he was at the opposite end of the spectrum, having in 1866 a pamphlet published on the subject of transubstantiation entitled "The Real Presence of Christ in the Sacrament of the Altar - a doctrine agreeable to Holy Scripture".

The Institute Church was a lifeline to the Christian's of New Brompton and it’s success was due as much to their enthusiasm as to the skill and dedication of the Curates allocated to their area.

A fund was started to purchase a Harmonium and this was obtained through the efforts of Reverend Gibson and others including Mr. J. Lock who was to become the donor of the land upon which St. Mark's now stands. Mr. Logan became the organist assisted by Miss Lear and Mr. Steven’s conducted a "small but effective choir".

The Chatham News reported that the Harvest Festival Service in 1861 was "listened to with the utmost attention, not only by the crowd within the rooms but also the crowd without".

The pressure was on therefore, not only because the Institute Church was inadequate for the number of people attending, but also it must be remembered that there was no such thing as House Churches in those days and people did not feel that they were offering true worship to God unless they were in a building set apart for such a purpose.

Correspondence on the subject began to be increasingly prevalent as the lobby for a Church was stepped up. In a letter to the Chatham News published in June 1861 a gentleman signing himself C.T. M. stated
"For some years we have been expecting that a church would be erected for the district; now we hear that no Church can be built this year. Is it not possible to erect a temporary building to be used for a Sunday School in the morning and Divine Service in the evening so that who cannot and others who will not go any distance to Divine Service May have the Services of our Church brought home to them. Anyone viewing our large increasing population will readily allow something needs to be done. 
I have ventured to forward you these few lines in the hope that they May attract attention and that something May be done for us".

Of course what Mr. C.T.M. did not realise was that immense efforts were being mounted through Ecclesiastical and secular means to bring about an early solution to the problem.

The answer was soon forthcoming in an announcement in the December 7^th issue of the Chatham News entitled "Good News for Brompton. The Chatham News has the privilege of being the first to announce the fact that the battle which has been persistently fought at New Brompton for the last few years has ended in a great success.

The Reverend Mr. Willis of Strood is to be the first incumbent of the Parish of New Brompton; this news is the most pleasing as he bears the character of an active, spirited Minister -–one who will make himself quite at home and consequently useful and popular in his new Parish."

Indeed although technically employed by his old Parish in Strood, Alfred Willis threw himself into his new role with characteristic gusto.

While the "friends" of the Institute Church were presenting the Reverend C. H. Gibson with a double inkstand and the organist, Mr. Logan with a copy of the Messiah, Willis was already at work writing numerous letters to the Ecclesiastical Commission to Brasenose College, to various leading local citizens, to builders and architects and a whole host of others impressing upon them the urgency of building and equipping a local church. He immediately put his money where his mouth was by donating one thousand pounds and appealing to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners to donate a similar amount together with an endowment. Brasenose College and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners agreed substantial donations. In the same issue of the Chatham News in which the announcement of his appointment was made, Alfred Willis wrote the following:-

"To the inhabitants of New Brompton and all interested in the Spiritual Welfare of the district. Having been nominated by the Vicar of Gillingham to the future incumbency of the Ecclesiastical district of New Brompton for the formation of which out of Gillingham application has already been made to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners I am desirous of making publicly known my plans and of obtaining your hearty co-operation in them. I am anxious to lose no time in beginning the work that lies before me. Yet some time must elapse under the most favourable circumstances before we can hope to assemble in a permanent Church. And it is obvious in the meanwhile if the ministrations of the Church are to be effectual better provision for public worship must immediately be made than at present exists.

I should therefore wish as soon as I enter upon my new charge which I hope will be early in the Spring, at latest, to see a wooden building erected, capable of accommodating at least 300 people in which Divine Service can be celebrated on the Lord’s Day and at other times and schools carried on during the week. Such a building will continue to serve for schools until we are in a position to build more suitable schoolrooms and a school house. I know that I shall not appeal in vain for your liberal support in aid of this first step to supply the urgent need of the district. I can then set to work in earnest to raise funds for the permanent Church. Subscriptions will be received at the Vicarage, Gillingham by Mr. Pepper, Number 6 high Street, New Brompton and by Messrs Clayton and Foster, High Street, Chatham.

Alfred Willis, Incumbent Designate of New Brompton.

Strood, December 5^th 1861."

At the end of January in 1862 C. H. Gibson "who by his urbanity kindness and popular preaching has won for himself the affectionate esteem of his Parishioners" preached his farewell sermon at the Institute Church. As usual he preached to a packed Church and the doors were locked for safety’s sake. (No health and safety then!).

How the problem was sorted out we don’t know. We do know however, that Alfred Willis called a meeting through the local press which was boycotted by his committee who held a meeting of their own the following week. It appears as though the affair was finally patched up in the early part of May and an announcement was made concerning the proposed Church and Schools giving details of the committee and appealing for funds for building the Church and Schools proper.

The argument being lost on the dissenters returned and started work for the "common cause".

Within six months an iron schoolroom was added, and, although of necessity the work was introspective there was a genuine social concern as was indicated in November when a meeting was held with a view to appointing a Fund Raising Committee for the relief of the sufferers of the cotton districts of Lancashire and Cheshire. Mr. A. Finnis, the then High Constable of Gillingham was fully supportive of the move, and a number of local notables agreed on a house to house visitation collecting warm clothing and cash to be forwarded to the distressed areas.

Early in 1863 another tradition was established, that of the Parochial entertainment. For this Willis brought over his old choir from Strood Church who gave a concert in two parts, the first part consisting of sacred pieces, a chorale, anthems and carols with the second part being of a secular nature, part songs, "glees" and a quartet. Prior to the concert there was a tea and tickets for reserved seats were 1/6d and 1/-d for secondary seats both including the price of the tea.

During the year the correspondence mounted with permission having been sought by Brasenose College to temporarily vest their patronage in the Vicar of Gillingham, Reverend I. Page, D. D. and this was finally granted by her Majesty in Council at Windsor on the 25^th September 1863 being duly reported in full in the London Gazette of the 15^th of that month. This very long order was encompassed within the words "that there be constituted a separate district for spiritual purposes and that the same shall be named the district of St. Mark, New Brompton". Its boundaries were delineated by the A2, Rock Avenue, Canterbury Street (or Lane as it was then), virtually in a straight line to the River and incorporating Marlborough, Mill and Medway Roads and that area being a continuation of Victoria Street. It was a vast parish which had considerably grown and was continuing to grow as the two maps, dated 1868 and 1898, clearly indicate.

The highlights of the year were probably, the Anniversary of the opening of the Temporary Church in May and a public meeting held on the 6^th July, chaired by the Bishop of Rochester and to which "all who desire the extension of the Church of England are earnestly requested to attend".

The Bishop of Rochester remarked that this "meeting might be considered the commencement of the work of getting a church – the desire to have a Church now assumed a definite form; it was not a mere desultory wish; this was mere desultory effort on the part of the people and the Pastor. The Pastor had proved that he would not shrink from the task he had undertaken. Mr. Willis has a now good hope of final success". The Bishop thought "he could not more appropriately conclude his visit to this neighbourhood – for ordaining a number of young men for the ministry – than by attending that meeting. He was happy to be present. He had of course been a close observer of the increase of the ministry in this locality and he found that within three years there had been an increase of five or six curates, labouring with great and blessed effect; this was a very desirable increase in the number labourers attached to old established places of worship, but it would be monstrous if they were to neglect so vast a body of people as are gathered together in New Brompton. They could hardly expect the government to come forward to aid them if assistance were not given by the inhabitants themselves.

Governments are slow to move in undertakings of this kind; bodies of men brought together by special Government work might disappear from a particular locality by change of policy. But when an increase of population had continued so long as in this case the demand for further assistance is so very palpable – the whole policy of the country requires that this part of the country should assume a character it has not had before – and no doubt the Government will now move to give aid for the spiritual wants of its work people. "He hoped that" the local movement would be of such a character that the Government could not withhold aid any longer. It should be remembered that the people of New Brompton are surrounded by vast bodies of people who are spiritually but partially provided for at best in the older towns. If an effort be not made the people would become corrupt and a source of corruption to the neighbourhood. It would be impossible to overestimate the importance of supporting the efforts of Mr. Willis. They decide at once that they would have a Church there. At present a large body of people are left to go astray, - to wander from the fold of the Church." He hoped "they would have hereafter to congratulate Mr. Willis on the success of his efforts; May he continue to go forward in the good path he has hitherto pursued!"

The Treasurer, Lieutenant Colonel Collinson R.E., explained how Mr. Willis had been working quietly and steadily; like a ship builder, he had been preparing the materials and appliances for building a ship and now he wrote over his Dockyard gate, "Now then men, come forward and help!"

The speaker remembered this place 24 years ago – where there is now a town there were but green fields. After a long absence he came back to find a great population – but he found also the means of instruction for youth provided – the means of a spiritual education. In this matter Mr. Willis had left in the background, the greatest donor of all, himself! He said nothing about the large sum of money he had spent from his funds for raising the building they were assembled in. Fathers and Mothers could best appreciate the value of what he had done. Mr. Willis had been liberal in every way.

The problems of fund raising were not the only ones that occupied the Vicar’s mind as the year drew to a close because there had been an enormous amount of rain and the streets of New Brompton were notoriously muddy during the winter times and dusty during the summer times.  Alfred Willis offered the use of St. Mark’s school for a meeting presided over by the High Constable to see what could be done for the betterment of the situation. The inevitable Committee was formed and over the ensuing months proved most successful in obtaining a rates reduction form 1/6d to 1/-d and works done on the roads and lighting of the area. For some years more however, St. Mark’s paid for a water cart to damp down the streets in the summer, such was the appalling dust problem.

On the 1^st March 1864 Sir Frederick Smith, M.P., rose in Parliament to ask the reasons why the Admiralty had declined to make a grant, and was told that Willis’ request for £3,000 was "a rather immoderate demand" and that if a smaller sum had been requested then it is probable that it would have been granted.

On Tuesday, 4^th October 1864, the foundation stone of St. Mark’s Church was laid by the Right Honourable Viscount Sydney, G.C.B., the Lord Lieutenant of Kent.

It was a cold day, although sunny, and the flags and pennons on loan from H.M.S. Wellesley, floated "gaily over the church site". The ceremony commenced at noon and there was a full processional, with banners as seen ‘then’ over the great "west" door of the church, white cross on a blue shield, I.H.S. on a crimson shield, St. Andrew’s Cross and St. Georges Cross.

"A glass vessel containing the silver coins of the realm, and a Parchment Scroll, was here deposited in a cavity in the lower stone. A silver trowel was then handed to Viscount Sydney, with which his Lordship spread the mortar. The stone was then lowered into its place. The Lord-Lieutenant assisting the Architect and Builder in adjusting it, and saying "In the Faith of Jesus Christ, we lay the Foundation Stone, In the Name of God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost, Amen".

The Scroll was inscribed with a written inscription in Latin and English, "To the Glory of our Lord Jesus and in memory of St. Mark, the Evangelist. The Right Honourable, the Viscount Sydney, G.C.B., Lord Chamberlain and Lord Lieutenant of the County of Kent laid the Foundation Stone of this Church on the 4^th October in the year in the year of our Lord 1864, the 27^th of Queen Victoria.  Joseph Cotton Wigram D.D. being Bishop of Rochester, John Page, D.D. being Vicar of Gillingham, and Alfred Willis, M.A. Incumbent of New Brompton, Architect, James Pearce, St. Aubyn Esq."

A similar inscription was on the trowel which bore the crest of Arms of Viscount Sydney.

After the ceremony there was a Luncheon with speeches following, and calls upon the Admiralty to donate funds, £150 by now having been received, and this was followed by an Evening Service in the Schoolrooms.

There was no holding back, Alfred Willis in either his evangelistic fervour or his fund raising endeavours, and indeed in April 1865 there was an encouraging report in the local press.

"Few places of worship could boast of larger congregations or heartier services than those in St. Mark’s Church on Good Friday. Morning Prayer with a sermon commenced at 10.30am. At 2.30pm the Litany and the Mediations on the 7 last Words from the Cross, at 6.30pm. Evening Prayer with a sermon brought this Holy Day to a close. When we consider in what light Good Friday is generally looked upon we can but think that the large attendance at these services and the devotional feeling shown by all present, auger well for the future prosperity of the Church in this place.

On Easter day there were celebrations of the Holy Communion at 8.00am and again Morning Prayer a large number being present at both occasions. The last celebration was choral throughout, it was exceedingly well sung in devotional Spirit by the choir and the effect was strikingly beautiful. We believe this to be the first time that the entire Communion Office has been rendered chorally in these towns. It is a source of much thankfulness to those who have the interest of the Church at heart to find with what rapid strides it is advancing in the rising town of New Brompton"

Consecration Day was a beautiful Spring day with a brilliant sun and the Church was adorned with flowers, scrolls on the walls containing passages from scripture, flags were stretched around the surrounding streets, the Church was packed, as were the grounds outside. It was obviously a most moving service when at 11.30 precisely, the Bishop with his Chaplain were received at the door and processed down the north side of the Lord’s table where he was presented with the Deed of Conveyance.

The description of the church then,  which has been used so many times since is as follows:-

"The Church is of the Lancet Period or first half of the 13^th Century and is plain and simple in design. It has as aspidal chancel, 39’ by 24’ wide, 48’ high to the apex of the roof and is lighted with three 2 light windows with a quarter foiled circle over; It is fitted with choir stalls, two steps above the nave, and the sacrarium rises 4 more steps to the altar. The chancel has lean to aisles parted from the chancel with iron grills. There is a second chancel arch at the commencement of the sacrarium, just beyond the stalls.

The nave is 85’ long, 24’ wide, parted from the north and south aisles by arcades of five arches each, which carry the clerestory, pierced with coupled lancet lights over each arch. The arcade arches are 20’ high of two orders, springing from plain moulded caps on round piers.

The aisles are of equal length with the nave, and are 12’ wide with a lean to roof, the side walls being 13’ high, with coupled lancets in each bay, between which there are buttresses. A vestry, and organ chamber over, occupy the north east angle of the building, opposite to the last bay of the north aisle. The Font is at the west end of the nave, and the pulpit against the north pier of the chancel arch. There is a small west door in the nave in addition to that under the steeple. The west front of the nave has a large five light window, about 13’ wide and 21’ high. The east and west ends of the aisles have two light lancet windows reminiscent of the 13^th century, with a circle over.

The building is principally constructed of yellow malm bricks, on the exterior and un-plastered picked stock in the interior. The pillars, arches and dressings of the window being bath stone. The walls on the interior and exterior are relieved by the introduction of lines and devices in red bricks. There are no pews, but the whole floor of the church is covered by a uniform series of open and convenient seats. There is an open timber roof. The effect of the whole building is good. The church will be enclosed with a dwarf wall carrying and iron railing, with handsome gates."

An early innovation within the Church was the Parish Magazine ( you can see a couple of early parish magazine covers on Gallery Five of the Photogallery by clicking here); the earliest surviving edition is December 1866 and this advised that "a banner of lest startling character is in preparation for Christmas and the lion will not leave the guardianship of the vestry on that festival". (Many persons having been distressed that the Lion of St. Mark "has not a more amiable countenance").

Adverts also appeared in the Magazine for St. Mark’s Commercial School with higher division costing 15/-d per quarter or 1/6d per week and the lower division 10/-d per quarter or 1/-d a week. 
Subjects taught included:

Holy Scriptures and Book of Common Prayer, English reading and grammar, writing and book keeping, Arithmetic, Algebra and Euclid, Geography and History, Map-Drawing, Drawing and Vocal Music, Latin and French. (One wonders if educationists today ought to take a leaf out of Alfred Willis’ book).

In January 1871 at a testimonial tea, the Reverend John Bridger, the day after his ordination was called to Guyana. The Church presented him with numerous books, mainly theological including Wordsworth Greek Testament and Scott’s Bible in four volumes.

The Bishop of Guyana was present at the occasion along with his chaplain and endorsed the wish of the congregation of St. Mark’s in saying ‘God Speed’ to Mr. Bridger.

Reverend Bridger was one of three men ordained within St. Mark’s Church, the other two being called to the mission field also, having captured the vision from Alfred Willis. An early Curate at this time Reverend Wilson was presented with a Library Clock in a black marble case inlaid with malachite when he left in January 1870 to go to Tunbridge Wells.

In February 1871 another ceremony, this time laying the corner stone of the new school and being St. Mark’s Day, the fifth anniversary of the Dedication of the Church, was attended by the usual host of dignitaries. Following the laying of the stone the MP, Mr. W. Hart Dyke said, "I am glad to hear that no less than 500 good men and true, in HM Dockyard have put their hands into their pockets and have subscribed to the building of this school. This is a good and healthy sign. It showed that in Chatham where vast iron ships were constructed and sent out to protect our shores and subsequently a great number of men were employed, those men knew the worth of education. It is a good and healthy sign to know that these men have the truth brought home to them and desire that their children and those that come after them shall receive a good education".

By now Alfred Willis was feeling the call overseas himself and a short article entitled "An organ for St. Mark’s Church", in the Magazine of July 1871 is indicative of the fact that he wished to tidy up his affairs prior to leaving the Parish. "The time has now come when it is necessary to make an effort to purchase an organ for St. Mark’s Church. The organ that has been in the Church since it’s consecration and which is in the schoolroom while the Church was building, is one kindly lent to the Vicar for use in the Church until such time as Parishioners being freed from the burden of the erection of the Church should be in a position to purchase one for themselves. We have now enjoyed the use of the organ for eight years and are much indebted to the generosity of the lender that he has permitted us to retain it so long. We cannot expect to be allowed to keep it much longer. At all events it is our duty now to lose no time in creating an organ fund with as little delay as possible. Apart from the wish in which everyone must share that we have an organ which we can call our own, all who are in the habit of worshipping at St. Mark’s must be aware of the need of a larger organ, equal to the requirements of the Church.

Contributions which are earnestly solicited from all the well wishes of St. Mark’s whether Parishioners or not, may be sent to the Reverend A. Willis, St. Mark’s House, New Brompton, Kent., or paid to the account of St. Mark’s organ fund, at the London and Provincial Bank, Rochester.

If any of our readers will assist in collecting contributions for this fund they can have copies of the above appeal and collection cards, by applying to the Vicar. The sum required is from £250 to £300.

Alfred Willis didn’t stay around long enough to see the organ installed, but he would no doubt have heard it played in 1897 when he visited St. Mark’s when he was on home leave and preached on ‘the fields are white unto harvest - but the labourers are few’.

St. Mark's Organ

September 9^th '99 sees the opening of the new school on St. Mary's Island - built in partnership between the Medway Education Authority and the Church of England.  John Saunders is the chair of Governors - and Ernie Mann and Dr. Mary Sanderson  are to be Foundation Governors, representing St. Mark's.  Although opening a year later than originally planned it is with much thanksgiving and gratefulness to God that Carol Rookwood the Headteacher welcomed the first pupils to this school on Thursday 9 September.  

The school is primarily for the children on St. Mary's Island but others will be welcome - particularly those from the parishes of St. Mark's and St. Luke's.  Initially the school will comprise three classes (of mixed ages) - one infant and two junior - about seventy children. However it is only a matter of time before the school has a full compliment of pupils and teachers.   

All of the  teaching staff are committed Christians -  Carol Rookwood (Headteacher)  Maggie Beck (deputy head - and no relation to John Beck!!),  Julia Davies and Michelle Whybrow.  Wendy Haslam is the school secretary - and having to work in a temporary office for the present.  Another wonderful answer to pray has been in the support staff- classroom assistants and school caretaker/site manager who are also Christians.  Even the builder's site foreman goes to a local church. God obviously has his hand on this school.

Although the school is now open - the building works are not yet complete and for a few weeks at least it will still be a building site (this is a matter for prayer - especially for the safety of all pupils, parents and teachers).   Obviously there is great excitement for all those who have involved in the months of planning, praying, interviewing etc. but in many ways the work is only just beginning. Pray that the ethos of the school will be so obviously Christian, one that is grounded in prayer, and one where children are valued and happy. May God bless all who teach and learn there.

Although there were several small private schools in the parish as well as in the neighbouring parishes, the local churches provided most of the places available for children - albeit for a small charge. Compulsory  Education came into force with the 1870 Education Act.  Life must have been very different for the children of the mid - late nineteenth century. The Gillingham Chronicles writes about classes of over sixty, on long wooden benches, learning to write using a slate and slate pencils. learning by rote.  Text books were not available. Sums were dictated. Reading books did not become commonplace until the end of the century. Open fires provided the heating - but this was by no means adequate for the size of the rooms.  Today's children starting at  St. Mary's Island School, with its brightly painted, light, centrally heated and carpeted classrooms would get a real shock if they were to be transported back to the end of the last century to experience life in a St. Mark's day School.

Canon Richard Morris was appointed as the second incumbent of St. Mark's in  1872. Like Rev. Alfred Willis he was also very interested in education. Although he was originally opposed to the introduction of the local school board (the fore-runner of the Local Education Authority)  in 1898 he became Chairman of the local School  Board.  Most of the schools in the inner Gillingham area were built, -  Byron Road (1898), Barnsole Road (1899),  Napier Road, and Richmond Road  Schools  whilst he was the Chair of the School Board.   With the formation of the Borough of Gillingham the School Board was dissolved and a new Education Committee came into being. Canon Morris was its Chairman until he retired in 1917. His successor as Education Committee Chairman was the Headteacher of St. Mark's Boy's School - Mr. John Shelton.

Canon Morris composed the following daily prayer for the Parish -  (perhaps it is something we could each take on board today - as the sentiments and requests are as relevant today as they were a hundred years ago).

Bless O Lord the Parish and all who dwell in it.
Be with thy servants, the clergy, that they may be wise to win souls.
Let thy blessing rest upon the Schools that they might promote the  knowledge of 
thy will and all useful learning.
Remember the sick and suffering, the poor and needy.
Comfort those who mourn.
Bring sinners to repentance.
Instruct the ignorant; strengthen the weak; confirm the strong;  and build up thy 
servants in the Faith.
Pour out thy Holy Spirit in a large measure upon all of us.
Grant that we may abide in the fellowship of thy Holy Church and  give heed to the teaching 
of thy Holy Word, and live in unity and Godly love:

Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen

It is just as important today that  Christians are involved in education - not just as teachers, classroom assistant, dinner ladies, secretaries etc. (and we have all of those within St. Mark's), but in a voluntary capacity as School Governors. This is a very important role - and among many things  Christians  can influence policies  and make sure that the moral, ethical and religious teaching in our schools is one which is based on biblical principles. Being a school governor is hard work requiring effort and time - but it is very rewarding. Should you be interested then there is almost certainly place for you on the governing body of a school near you. Why not offer your services  -  and follow in a long tradition of caring about the education of the children and young people in our town.

The ongoing story of St. Mark's  - past and present.

The original boundaries for the parish of St. Mark's extended from the A2 and Rock Avenue to the River Medway and across to Nelson Road.  Towards the end of the 1880's the boundaries were re-defined and the parish of St. Barnabas came into being - from Copenhagen Road to the A2 (these boundaries must have changed again because Copenhagen Road is well and truly part of our parish today).  

At around the same time Canon Morris (second incumbent of St. Mark's) began to establish an outreach (evangelistic) work in the Medway Road area of our parish. In 1889 a curate of St. Mark's started to hold informal mid week meetings in a room at 74 Medway Road. These proved to be extremely popular and eventually the vicar asked a newly appointed Lay Reader - Mr. Rogers - to take on the responsibility for holding regular meetings twice weekly. 

Thus a small fledgling mission church came into being (in today's parlance - a church plant). The house became known as the Mission Church and a ladies work began on Monday afternoons. Each Sunday saw over one hundred children packed into a space hardly big enough for fifty!. Some were even turned away for lack of room.  It was decided to appoint a resident clergyman and the Rochester Diocesan Society created the district of St. Luke's within our own parish in 1890.  The congregation continued to grow and well and truly outgrew their accommodation. To meet the need a large tent was lent by the Church Parochial Mission Society. It was pitched on the site which had been purchased for the building of a new church. Services were held in this tent for several months until it blew down in a gale in October 1891- and services were then resumed in the Old Mission until a permanent building was  erected in 1982  - an iron hall (known as the Parochial Hall).  

And now a century later St. Mark's is about to 'plant' a new church on St. Mary's Island.   There are similarities between the story of St. Luke's and that of the Island Church.   The boundaries of the parish have been altered - this time however they have been extended to include St. Mary's Island.  John Saunders has asked Ernie Mann - newly licensed Lay Reader - to be responsible for holding regular services on the Island.

It was not so much that Hamilton Taylor was a bad Vicar but one cannot help but get the impression in reading available documentation and talking to people who knew him, that he was a somewhat dispirited man, treading a careful, middle-of-the-road, within a background of post-war rebellion against God (why did God allow it to happen?) and an increasing secularisation as material benefits of peacetime once again began to assert themselves.

During the years of the general strike and later in the time of depression Hamilton Taylor was conscious of the working class nature of his congregation, the majority of them reliant upon the Dockyard for their housing and their sustenance. He comes across as a likeable but weak clergyman, content to see out his days with out stirring or rocking the boat.

In February 1931 a twin light memorial window dedicated to the memory of the late Headmaster, Mr. Ellman was dedicated by the Bishop of Rochester. The window shows Jacob’s dream and forms part of the present days Children’s Corner (when this was written in 1984). We now (in 1999) have a full time Youth Pastor and a strong ministry to the children and youth of today. 
They meet at the Old Vicarage and at various homes through out the Parish.

Although there was a Mission in Gillingham in 1930 little attention appears to have been paid by the Vicar apart from urging his congregation to pray and it seems as though the most important items on the Agenda were the Boiler fund, the Parish hall repairs and the yearly garden party, usually opened by the mayor or M.P.

It was at these garden parties that astrology, the occult and fortune telling were first introduced with the blessing of the Vicar who by this time had become ill and was leaving more and more to his Curate the Reverend A.C. White and his new wife in the running of the Parish.

His letter of resignation was very short indeed published in the October 1933 edition of St. Mark’s Parish Magazine.

"My dear friends, I want to make an announcement which it gives me much pain to make and one which I know it will pain many of you to receive. But after full consultation with the Bishop and on his definite advice I have decided to resign this living at the end of the year.

Such a decision after 15 happy years of ministry amongst you has not been an easy one to make; but I am taking this step because I am assured that it will be for the furtherance of God's work in the Parish; that is what really matters and if I can serve Him and His work best by resigning I am ready to take that step though at the cost of many regrets,

I remain yours very sincerely,

H. Hamilton Taylor".

No longer did he sign off "in Christ"; he left the shadow of his former self to die soon afterwards in hospital.

After the morning service on Sunday December 31^st 1933 the Reverend A.C. White Curate on behalf of the congregation presented to the Reverend H. Hamilton Taylor, the retiring Vicar a cheque for £30. The presentation took place in the Vestry in the presence of the Church Wardens, Mr. G.W. Yates and Mr. T.W. Flux D.C.M. and of Miss E.M. Hatton, Treasurer of the Fund. Mr. Hamilton was asked to receive the cheque and an Album containing names of the subscribers as a token of esteem and as recognition of all he had done for the Church and parish during his 15 years as Vicar.

In reply he thanked those making the presentation and expressed his appreciation of the kindness of all who had subscribed.

Sixty five years ago on February 24^th, 1934 the announcement was made that the Reverend Levi Howland was to return as the new Vicar of St. Mark’s. He was instituted and inducted on St. Mark’s day, April 25^th 1934 by the Assistant Bishop of Rochester G. L. King D.D. and he charged the Archdeacon of Rochester the Ven. W. M. Browne M.A. with the induction. There was a full civic turnout with Mayor and Mayoress, their deputies, officers and councillors being present. Unfortunately the Patron of the Church Rev.. C.E. Webb was unable to be present.

In his address Bishop King pointed out that St. Mark's was a large and spacious church in a large a large and spacious Parish and it was of great importance to the whole municipality of Gillingham that the post of Vicar of St. Mark's should be well filled. Mr. Howland takes Mr. Hamilton Taylor’s place and he too is well known in the Parish, for the first three years of his ministry was Curate of St. Mark's. From here he went to gather new experience at St. John’s Bromley and from there to Gravesend. Quite recently he went to Darenth. I think I ought to lay stress on the fact that his change of work has not been of his own seeking. He has simply gone where he was asked to go and taken charge where it was committed to him. He comes to you with a young man’s vigour and he comes to give you the best he can give for this work.

Bishop King urged the new Vicar to do the work of an Evangelist and to think not only of those who attended Church but to bear in mind that by getting to know people he must visit them in their homes. He urged the members of the congregation to take as much as they could the burden of administration or the anxieties of finance and thus leave him free as far as possible for his spiritual work and for the regular study which was very necessary.

He also spoke of the account of the end of St. Mark’s life as given in the books of the legend. He called them, less trustworthy historically than St. Mark’s Gospel, but for all that, useful.

There we are told that St. Peter sent St. Mark to Alexandria and Egypt to preach the Gospel and to be the first Bishop of the Town; but as he came into Alexandria his shoes were so broken and torn that he went to a shoe maker to have them mended and that this shoemaker became his first convert and the next Bishop of the Town after him. Whether that be true or not, at least it may serve to remind us that Christianity began among the poor so also every Christian must be poor in Spirit; and that we must take care to preach the Gospel to the poor and to minister to them as did our Lord; that if our Lord dost find faith on the earth when He comes again, it will probably because it has been cherished by the poor than by the rich and powerful.

The Death of St. Mark

The account which is given of St. Mark’s death is that in year 57 during the reign of the Emperor Nero as he sang the service on Easter Sunday the idolaters of Alexandria assembled and took him and put a cord about his neck and dragged him through the streets both that day and the day following till he died and during the night between as he lay in prison after his torture on Easter day our Lord visited him and comforted him and said to him "Peace be to thee Mark my evangelist, be not in doubt for I am with thee and shall deliver thee". Whether that be history or not at least we know that similar things did happen to the Holy Martyrs in the first days of the Church and that memory of such things ought to remind us that the Kingdom for which we pray is not of this world and that the highest blessings given in response to Christian faith are spiritual ones, supernatural comfort among the troubles of this life and eternal glory in the life of the world to come.

After the service a reception took place in the school-room adjoining the Church at which Mr. Howland had an opportunity of meeting parishioners and the local Clergy. There was an enjoyable musical programme and refreshments were provided by the wives of the Sidesmen.

In his opening letter Howland said.

"Dear people, first of all I must thank you for the very delightful way in which you have received us. You have not spared yourselves any effort in extending a real welcome to us and we thank you most sincerely. The service of institution was most impressive and some parts of it would live for a very long time in our memories. Now you will forgive if in my first letter to you I strike a rather personal note. I realise that I have undertaken a tremendous responsibility in accepting this living and yet happy as I was at Darenth, I felt I had to come. What now must be our aim? We live of Course in a world where habits are constantly changing, where reforms are constantly being striven after but I am convinced of this that all effort, all work is in vain unless inspired form above and affected through the medium of a converted man a man, that is, whose real affection is set on things above, of God, and not on things below. Our aim then must be to help men and women whenever and wherever we can, and through the medium of our Church to love and trust God. I write this with deep conviction of the tremendous contribution the Church of Christ has to make to the problems of life, today and always. I will not say more except to add this:

to be a Christian is to be engaged in a glorious task, a task free from all smallness of mind and outlook, a task infinitely worthwhile and a task which alone can satisfy man’s true nature. But remember this:

we are not Christian's naturally. Its God's grace only can make us worthy of such a name and through His Church and sacraments He has appointed special means of grace."

For such a recent history, particularly during the turbulent times of the 1930’s with military build-up in Germany, the after-math of the depression, the Silver Jubilee, the Abdication, the Coronation of King George VI it is surprising that little is remembered about Levi Howland. It is clear that when he returned people remember him as a much quieter man than when he left. He was not the man they knew. He was now married and some put this toning down of his former self to his wife who was said to have leanings towards spiritism. He was no longer the fiery preacher that had been and as he was still a young man there must of been other reasons for his toning down. He is, however, remembered as a good personal worker and was very popular with the ladies.

During his fourteen years of his ministry Howland led the Church through the aftermath of the Depression, the Silver Jubilee, the Abdication, the Coronation of George VI, the military build-up in Germany and of course the Second World War.

He was not the man they knew when he returned and his ministry was weakened. Young people were not attracted to the Church and St. Barnabas became the Church locally with the largest and most active congregation.

The apathy in St. Mark's led him to write the following:

"My Dear People, no less than four times in one psalm does the refrain occur, O that men would praise the Lord for His goodness and declare the wonders that He doeth for the children of Men."

In another Psalm the writer clearly connects prosperity with praise for he says

"Let the people praise Thee O Lord, Yea let all the people praise Thee. Then shall the earth bring forth her increase and God, even our own God shall give us His blessing".

Without entering into the question of disinterestedness in devotion and service there is much in the Bible to teach us not be shocked at the idea of reward. To labour and not to seek for reward is the right principle but there is certainly no virtue in ignoring the benefits derived from living a Godly, righteous and sober life. Praise is both an expression of gratitude and a means of grace and as such its effect is felt in its every sphere of life. The worship of God, is, we must acknowledge, much neglected, often spasmodic and wanting in zeal.

How many one time worshippers, communicants and others who start well, fall away? It is not for the most part that they no long believe, but that they are the victims of what spiritual writers call assidie - weariness of heart, spiritual torpor, a compound of depression, sloth and irritability. The physical prototype of assidie, good intentions just don’t get us on our knees, or to Church. But with most of us, this disease is no more than incipient and part of its cure is to recognise it and through the contemplation of God's great love to arrest it.

"Thy life was given for me, what have I given for Thee"

"Meditate upon these lines carefully."

Curates during this time at salaries ranging from £210 per annum to £300 per annum included L.H. Craddock Watson, M.A.., J.S. Spears and H.F.N. Ball, B.A.

They supported as well as they were able, but Howland struggling with similar problems to his predecessor final threw in the towel at the Vestry meeting in the Spring of 1948. The Chatham Observer reported this in full which was a little unusual for the time.

"A goodly number of Parishioners attended the Annual Vestry and Church Meeting of St. Mark’s, Gillingham in the Parish Hall on Friday. The Vicar (The Rev.. E.L. Howland) presided and was supported by Mr. A. Chesney (Peoples Warden). Mr. T.G. Lowman (Vicar’s Warden) and Miss K. Armour (Honorary Secretary).

After the re-election of the Wardens, the Vicar reviewed the work over the past year.

He referred the losses the Church had sustained by the deaths of both the late Wardens in a few months and also of other life long members of the congregation who had passed away in the course of the year. He spoke of his impending departure and was able to announce that he had been informed only that day that the Rev.. J.L. Folkard, at present Vicar of Sewerby, Bridlington, York's would be his successor.

Miss Armour presented her Annual Report and spoke of the various activities of the Church.

Mr. Chesney, Honorary Treasurer was able to congratulate the meeting on the satisfactory statement of accounts which had been presented to them. Messrs. E. Getting and G.W.F. William’s were re-elected Auditors and thanked for their past services.

The Sidesmen were all re-elected and Messrs. A.J. Randall and G. Edward’s were elected to fill two vacancies in the Church Council.

Mr. T.G. Norman, Vicar’s Warden, presented the report on the Fabrics of the Church and of the Parish Hall and Schools, mentioning that licenses for repair work had been granted and that an early commencement on the Church roof and the Sunday Schools was anticipated".

What happened to prevent Rev. Folkard coming is a matter of conjecture but certainly St. Mark's by this time was in a very impoverished and depressed state. Edward Howland left in 1948 to become Vicar of Matfield, until 1959 and thereafter lived at the John and Mary West House, Breed in Rye.

His successor was the Reverend James Richard Clement Dawson Bowling who was a squire scholar of the University of Oxford, 1927 late Junior Holme scholar of Brasenose College, second class Moderation’s, 1929, B.A. (second class literae Humaniores) 1931, second class Theology, 1932, M.A. 1934, Westcot House, Cambridge, 1932, Deacon, 1933, Priest 1934, Blackburn, Curate of Lancaster

1933 - 36, Secretary S.C.M. in University of Liverpool 1936 - 39, Chaplain at Modura 1939 - 42, Sub Warden, Tinnevelly Theological College at Chaplain of Tuticrin, 1942 - 46, Vicar of Briarcliff 1946 - 48.

"The Mayor and Mayoress of Gillingham (Alderman and Mrs. P.J. Bruce) local Clergy Freechurch ministers and Leaders of the Salvation Army were among the large congregation who attended the Induction and Institution of the Rev. J.R.C. Dawson-Bowling M.A. as Vicar of St. Mark's, Gillingham on Saturday evening.

Canon R.V. Bristow, representing the Vicar of Gillingham, (the Rev. A.L. Harkness) Patron of the living presenting the new incumbent to the Lord Bishop of Rochester (Dr C.M. Chevasse), who carried out the Service of Institution and Induction Ceremony was performed by the Archdeacon of Rochester, (The Ven. W.M. Browne) assisted by Canon B.F.W. Welton, Rural Dean of Rochester.

In his address the Bishop said that the new Vicar was taking charge of the parish at a momentous hour. It was a moment of world crisis when men's’ hearts were failing them for fear of one another and it was also the moment of great call to the Church that had sounded from the Lambeth Council of Bishops in London and the World Council of Churches Assembly in Amsterdam.

That call was for a living Church of men and women united in bringing the principles of Christ to bear on every department and section of life.

It was, as the late Archbishop Temple had said, "just ordinary men and women who really Christianised the world". The world paid more heed to the people in the pews that it did to the Clergy because they were part of it. Therefore it was all important that the rank and file should bear witness before all else.

Dr. Chevasse condemned what he called the woolly talk just now about Christian home life, politics, industry and education because he said, one could not have Christian home life apart from Christian fathers and mothers and Christian Politics really meant Christian M.P.'s. Christian industry meant managers, shop-stewards and work people who were Christian men and women and Christian education meant Christian teachers.

The Bishop concluded by declaring that Gillingham could only be won for Christ when the Churches there were a real fellowship and all the members of the Churches were actively helping and upholding each other in the brotherhood of Christ".

Dawson-Bowling was Vicar of St. Mark’s for just four years. As his previous track record shows, he never stayed anywhere for very long and St. Mark's was no exception. His intellectual approach was totally unsuited to a working class Church where he was remote from the congregation and out of touch with reality of their needs. The country was trying to pick up the pieces after the Second World War but of course rationing was still very much in force, and the services and fellowship in St. Mark's was seriously rationed as to their spiritual content. Little is remembered about the sermons preached by this Vicar or his Curate Rev. R. Paddick. Unfortunately the Church was in decline and Dawson-Bowling was not the man to arrest the slide, but rather contributed to its demise. His intellectual eccentricity finally reduced St. Mark's to the situation where the choir was larger than the congregation.

Various anecdotes and stories are told such as one told by Bill Goodwin for over 30 years a dedicated caretaker of St. Mark’s who was told to collect coal for the Vicarage in a wheelbarrow from the co-op coal yard as the Vicar wouldn’t pay for delivery. The stories of the chickens in what is now the present incumbent’s study, in cages on the wall (this was in the Old Vicarage - now in 2001Parish offices and a meeting centre), the perambulations of the Vicar up and down Canterbury Street, with buckets full of fish-heads to feed his menagerie, are all that remain as a testimony to this unfortunate gentleman.

Thus it was in a period of some thirty-five years, St. Mark’s was reduced from the thriving energetic, outgoing, evangelistic, body of Christ to an empty tomb.

That was when God called the Reverend Derek Gadd.

In his book "You are my God" David Watson describes how one Dockyard Apprentice found Christ. "He was beaten up by his mates in the Dockyard the next day and was in hospital for four days. Thankfully he stood his ground well and is today a fine Christian leader." That man was Warren Adamson, now a curate in a Church in Croydon.

As well as the Pathfinder weeks at Easter, Youth Club holidays were established, the first of these being at Seaford before moving on to Lindfield in the early 1960’s. These times were of immense value and spiritual blessing. Although there were many "high jinks" well remembered by David Harwood, Ernie Mann, Peter Cornelius, John Waters and many others, God used these weeks to establish a desire and hunger for fellowship for his word and teaching.

John Collins throughout all this acted as kind of Captain, on the bridge of this great ship of St. Mark's. As the congregation grew, as the work developed in all areas, the Men’s Group the Young Wives, the Youth Groups and with old people, God raised up more lay people to take positions of responsibility. Ron and Elsie Lucas to run the Old Peoples work, David and Jean Smith, now firmly established with the Young People’s Saturday Night Bible Studies. Betty Green with the Women’s Work and the solid corporate leadership of the Men’s Group.

David McInnes left, Paul Russell came as the curate and St. Mark's moved forward into a period of preparation by the Holy Spirit for His coming in power. By this time the Vicarage Hall was finally finished, just in time for a week long visit by Corrie Ten-Boom. She transported us out of this world into the heavenly places, she showed us something of a spiritual life beyond that of a continual battle within ourselves.

We were beginning to learn something of the victory that is possible to those that are in Christ Jesus. David Watson reminds us in his book that "as she was leaving Gillingham, being seen off by the Clergy of St. Mark's she put her head through the carriage window and shouted out "Don’t wrestle, just nestle!". This was typical of her, someone who had suffered so much and yet had such a peace that the world cannot give.

By this time there were many outside influences coming to bear upon St. Mark's in the early Sixties. We had all heard of and some of us had attended the Grace Abounding Conventions following the Revival in the Belgian Congo. Roy Hessian’s books, "The Calvary Road" and "We Would see Jesus" were part of the staple diet within St. Mark's. Then as David Watson left and Thomas Collett-White came to St. Mark's initially living in the Vicarage then moving to York Avenue and ultimately to Third Avenue strange tales began to emerge from the other side of the Atlantic.

In 1959 in a Church of the same name, St. Mark's Van Nuys, California, a group of people had began to speak in tongues. The effect on the Christian world was staggering. Although a Church of a large congregation (some 2500 attending) at first it was only a small group of people who came into this experience which they describe as "the fullness of the Holy Spirit". A leading lay-person amongst them, Jean Stone, eventually came to Britain and it was in those early years of the 1960’s that a group of women from St. Mark's went to hear one of the new Charismatic speakers in London.

Amongst the first to receive this new "baptism" was Pat Buckley wife of John, one of the leaders of the Men’s Group. Jean Smith, Diana Collins and a number of the other women soon began to come into this new experience and through all this time John Collins waited. He wisely said nothing to put down this obvious spiritual experience, but equally he wanted to "test the spirits" and know that this was of God and not a "red herring" thrown in to disrupt or confuse. It was a year later that he was to come into the experience of the "baptism of the Holy Spirit".

At this time throughout the country people became burdened to pray for revival and all night prayer meetings were started on the last Friday of each month. It was at one of these meetings in February 1963 that the Holy Spirit fell in power. John Freeth and Ordinand (prospective clergyman) staying within the Parish for work experience "skipped home in the snow". Everyone remembers the blessings and the snow. No-one wanted the meeting to end. A new era had dawned within St. Mark's. Gone was the charisma of it’s Clergy to be replaced by the Charisma of the Holy Spirit.

During the next year countless people came into the "blessing". News spread however of a Church at Farnborough that was split over this very issue. John Collins was determined that a similar split should not occur within St. Mark's. Apart from those all night prayer meetings, which obviously only the stalwarts attended and in which the gifts were manifested, John wisely disallowed any use of them within the Tuesday Parish Fellowship. Instead he started a Monday Charismatic meeting in his own Drawing Room that only specially invited people (those who had been filled with the Spirit or those who were openly sympathetic or seeking were invited). The interesting thing was that up to this point, very few of the young people had come into the experience.

Indeed the young people of St. Mark’s at that (and still are) a rather cosmopolitan bunch being drawn from other churches around which offered little or no outlets for young people (this true when this history was started in the 1980’s, but not so now).

In a sense therefore the Clergy and leaders of St. Mark's were acting as nursemaids to youngsters from other churches, in particular the Gospel Halls in Skinner Street, and Twydall. In these places the teaching was that the outpouring of the Holy Spirit was only intended for the original disciples to get things off the ground as it were and that no way was it God's intention to renew those activities today. Because so many of the young people with leadership qualities came from this background they as it were held back the rest and it wasn’t until August 1984 at a Summer House Party Conference being held in a Preparatory School at Lindfield that the Holy Spirit finally broke down the barriers.

Michael Harper was the speaker on an quite ordinary neutral theme of the ministry of Jesus. It was an incredible experience. Michael Harper in his book ‘None Can Guess’ describes how the young people of St. Mark's sat there with that ‘you no what’ expression on their faces as if to say "Don’t you dare try to change me".

It was idyllic weather and everything was laid on for a perfect holiday. There was a very pleasant swimming pool, tennis courts and lovely grounds. But in spite of all this a restive spirit seemed to settle on the Conference. The turning point was the evening I talked on spiritual warfare, Satan overplayed his hand; for the next two days he gave us such blatant demonstrations of his nasty tactics that everyone recognised his attacks.